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When you get a job you will be asked to fill out a W4 form. This tells the employer how much tax to withhold from your paycheck.
If you can predict you will not make more than $12,000(2018 standard deduction) you can write "exempt" in Line 7 of the W4 form and you will not have Fedral taxes withheld from your paycheck.
At the beginning of the following year (January) your employer will send you a completed W-2 form which will detail the total amount of taxes you paid the previous year.
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Explanation of Tax Calculation - (2017-2018)
This is using the 2017 tax tables. The new standard deduction for the 2018 tax tables is $12,000. Please see the updated tax tables in the link above. This example is for illustration purposes.